Selenium Automation Testing Course in Bangalore| Koding Tree

Our Programs

Selenium Automation Testing

Koding Tree offers two comprehensive programs: a Selenium Course and a Java Course, designed to take you from core programming fundamentals to advanced concepts like system architecture and multithreading.

Java course

MODULE 01 – Introduction to Java & Setup

Java Environment & Architecture

JDK vs JRE vs JVM – what each component does and why all three matter
How Java achieves platform independence – write once, run anywhere via bytecode
Installing JDK and setting up Eclipse IDE for Java development
Configuring JAVA_HOME and verifying with java -version

First Java Program

Structure of a Java class – class keyword, public static void main(String[] args)
System.out.println() and System.out.print() – printing output to the console
Compiling with javac and running with java from the command line
Organising classes into packages – naming conventions and folder structure

MODULE 02 – Data Types & Variables

Primitive Data Types

Variable declaration and assignment – naming rules and conventions
Integer types: byte, short, int, long – size and valid range of each
Floating-point types: float vs double – precision and when to use each
char – single Unicode character, stored as a 16-bit number
boolean – true / false only; used in all conditions and loops
String – non-primitive reference type; immutable character sequence

Type Conversion & Constants

final keyword – declaring a constant that cannot be reassigned
Widening (implicit) conversion – Java automatically promotes smaller types to larger
Narrowing (explicit) casting – (int) 3.14 – data loss risk and when it is acceptable

MODULE 03 – Operators

Operator Types

Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % (modulus) – integer division behaviour
Increment / Decrement: ++, -- – prefix vs postfix difference
Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= – always return boolean
Logical: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT) – short-circuit evaluation
Assignment shortcuts: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Ternary operator: condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse

MODULE 04 – Control Flow – Conditional Statements

Conditional Statements

if, else, else if ladder – single and multi-branch decision making
Nested if – conditions inside conditions for complex logic
switch statement – case, default, and break; fall-through behaviour
Scanner class – nextInt(), nextLine(), nextDouble() for reading user input

MODULE 05 – Loops & Pattern Printing

Loop Types & Control Statements

for loop – initialisation, condition, update; most common for counted iterations
while loop – condition checked before each iteration; runs zero or more times
do-while loop – condition checked after; always executes at least once
break – immediately exits the current loop
continue – skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next
Nested loops – outer loop controls rows, inner loop controls columns

Pattern Printing

Star (*) patterns – right triangle, left triangle, pyramid, diamond
Number patterns – sequential, mirrored, and Pascal’s triangle style
Analysing patterns – how to break any design into row count and column logic

MODULE 06 – Arrays – 1D & 2D

1D Arrays

Array declaration: int[] arr = new int[5] – fixed size, zero-indexed
Initialisation at declaration: int[] arr = {10, 20, 30}
arr.length – getting the size of an array
Iterating with for loop and enhanced for-each loop
Common operations: finding max/min, sum, average, reverse, search
Arrays.sort() – sorting in ascending order

2D Arrays

Declaration: int[][] matrix = new int[rows][cols] – row-major storage
Nested loops to traverse rows and columns of a 2D array
Matrix operations – addition, transpose, diagonal sum

MODULE 07 – Methods

Defining & Using Methods

Method signature: access modifier, return type, method name, parameter list
Calling a method – passing arguments, receiving return values
void methods vs methods with a return type
static methods – called on the class directly without creating an object
Instance (non-static) methods – require an object to call
Method overloading – same name, different parameter types or count
Writing generic, reusable utility methods for common operations

MODULE 08 – OOP – Classes, Objects & Constructors

Classes & Objects

Class as a blueprint – instance variables (fields) and instance methods
Creating objects: ClassName obj = new ClassName()
Default constructor – auto-provided by Java when no constructor is defined
Parameterised constructor – initialising objects with values at creation time
this keyword – resolving naming conflicts between parameters and instance fields

static & final Members

static variable – one copy shared across all instances of a class
static method – belongs to the class, not to any object
final variable – constant; must be assigned exactly once
final method – cannot be overridden by a subclass
final class – cannot be extended (e.g., String is a final class)

MODULE 09 – OOP – Inheritance & Encapsulation

Inheritance

extends keyword – child class inherits all non-private members of the parent
super keyword – calling the parent class constructor or methods
Types: single inheritance, multilevel inheritance, hierarchical inheritance
Java does not support multiple class inheritance – why, and how interfaces solve this

Encapsulation & Access Modifiers

private, protected, public, package-private – scope of each
Encapsulation pattern – private fields with public getter and setter methods
Why encapsulation prevents invalid state and makes code easier to maintain
Method overloading – same method name, different parameter signature

MODULE 10 – OOP – Polymorphism & Type Casting

Method Overriding & Runtime Polymorphism

Method overriding – child class provides its own implementation of a parent method
@Override annotation – compile-time check that overriding is valid
Runtime (dynamic) polymorphism – method resolved at runtime based on actual object type
Overloading vs overriding – compile-time vs runtime; key differences interviewers test

Object Type Casting

Upcasting – implicit; Animal a = new Dog() – always safe
Downcasting – explicit; Dog d = (Dog) a – requires instanceof check
instanceof operator – safely checking type before casting

MODULE 11 – Interfaces & Abstract Classes

Interfaces

interface keyword – defines a contract of method signatures without implementation
implements keyword – a class agrees to provide all interface methods
Interface methods are implicitly public abstract, fields are public static final
A class can implement multiple interfaces – Java’s answer to multiple inheritance

Abstract Classes

abstract class – cannot be instantiated; must be subclassed
abstract method – declared without a body; subclass must provide implementation
Can contain both abstract methods and fully implemented (concrete) methods
Interface vs abstract class – when to use each; key differences for interviews

MODULE 12 – String Handling

String Class & Key Methods

String is immutable – every operation creates a new object in the String Pool
length(), charAt(int), indexOf(String), lastIndexOf()
substring(int start), substring(int start, int end)
toUpperCase(), toLowerCase(), trim()
replace(), contains(), startsWith(), endsWith()
equals() vs equalsIgnoreCase() vs == – why == compares references, not content
split(String regex), join(), toCharArray()

StringBuilder & StringBuffer

StringBuilder – mutable, not thread-safe, faster for single-threaded use
append(), insert(), delete(), reverse(), toString()
StringBuffer – mutable, thread-safe, used in multi-threaded programs
String vs StringBuilder vs StringBuffer – performance and thread-safety trade-offs

MODULE 13 – Collections Framework

List – Ordered, Allows Duplicates

ArrayList – dynamic array; fast random access; allows duplicates; maintains insertion order
LinkedList – doubly-linked list; fast add/remove at ends; slower random access
Common methods: add(), get(int), remove(), size(), contains(), set()
Iterating with for-each and Iterator

Set – No Duplicates

HashSet – no duplicates, no guaranteed order; backed by a hash table
LinkedHashSet – no duplicates, preserves insertion order
TreeSet – no duplicates, elements stored in natural sorted order

Queue & Stack

Queue interface – FIFO; offer(), poll(), peek()
Stack – LIFO; push(), pop(), peek()
Vector – legacy thread-safe version of ArrayList

Map – Key-Value Pairs

HashMap – key-value pairs, no guaranteed order, allows one null key
LinkedHashMap – key-value pairs, preserves insertion order
Common methods: put(), get(), remove(), containsKey(), keySet(), values()

Sorting & Iteration

Comparable interface – compareTo() for natural ordering inside the class
Comparator interface – compare() for custom ordering defined outside the class
Collections.sort(list) and Collections.sort(list, comparator)
Iterator – hasNext() and next() for safe manual traversal

MODULE 14 – Exception Handling

Exception Handling Mechanism

What is an exception – an unexpected event that disrupts normal program execution
Checked vs unchecked exceptions – compile-time vs runtime
try block – code that may throw an exception
catch (ExceptionType e) – handling a specific exception type
Multiple catch blocks – handling different exception types separately
finally block – always executes; used for resource cleanup (closing files, connections)
throw keyword – manually throwing an exception from your code
throws keyword – declaring that a method may throw a checked exception
Common exceptions:
- NullPointerException
- ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
- NumberFormatException
- ArithmeticException

MODULE 13 – Collections Framework

List – Ordered, Allows Duplicates

ArrayList – dynamic array; fast random access; allows duplicates; maintains insertion order
LinkedList – doubly-linked list; fast add/remove at ends; slower random access
Common methods: add(), get(int), remove(), size(), contains(), set()
Iterating with for-each and Iterator

Set – No Duplicates

HashSet – no duplicates, no guaranteed order; backed by a hash table
LinkedHashSet – no duplicates, preserves insertion order
TreeSet – no duplicates, elements stored in natural sorted order

Queue & Stack

Queue interface – FIFO; offer(), poll(), peek()
Stack – LIFO; push(), pop(), peek()
Vector – legacy thread-safe version of ArrayList

Map – Key-Value Pairs

HashMap – key-value pairs, no guaranteed order, allows one null key
LinkedHashMap – key-value pairs, preserves insertion order
Common methods: put(), get(), remove(), containsKey(), keySet(), values()

Sorting & Iteration

Comparable interface – compareTo() for natural ordering inside the class
Comparator interface – compare() for custom ordering defined outside the class
Collections.sort(list) and Collections.sort(list, comparator)
Iterator – hasNext() and next() for safe manual traversal

Enroll in Java course

Selenium course

MODULE 01 – Environment Setup & Selenium WebDriver Introduction

Tools & Setup

Installing Java JDK, Eclipse IDE, and configuring environment variables
Creating a Maven project and understanding pom.xml structure
Adding Selenium WebDriver dependency via Maven Central
Setting up ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver (Firefox), and EdgeDriver

WebDriver Fundamentals

Understanding the Selenium architecture – how WebDriver communicates with browsers
Instantiating WebDriver for Chrome, Firefox, and Edge browsers
Writing and running your first automation script end-to-end
Understanding the difference between Selenium 3 and Selenium 4

MODULE 02 – Browser Control & Navigation

WebDriver Browser Commands

driver.get() and driver.navigate().to() – loading URLs
navigate().back(), navigate().forward(), navigate().refresh()
driver.manage().window().maximize(), setSize(), setPosition()
driver.getTitle() and driver.getCurrentUrl() for page verification
driver.quit() vs driver.close() – when to use each

MODULE 03 – Web Element Locator Strategies

💡 Locators are how your script finds elements on a page. Mastering all 8 strategies means you can automate any website, no matter how it is built.

All 8 Locator Types

By.id – fastest and most reliable when available
By.name – using the HTML name attribute
By.className – single CSS class targeting
By.tagName – selecting by HTML element type
By.linkText – exact anchor text matching
By.partialLinkText – partial anchor text matching
By.cssSelector – powerful CSS-based targeting
By.xpath – most flexible, works anywhere in the DOM

MODULE 04 – CSS Selector & XPath – In Depth

💡 CSS Selectors and XPath are the two most powerful locator types. Knowing both in depth allows you to find any element — even in the most complex web pages.

CSS Selector Techniques

Tag, ID, class, and attribute-based CSS selectors
Combining multiple attributes: input[type='text'][name='email']
Child and descendant selectors, sibling selectors
:nth-child(), ^=, $=, *= – starts-with, ends-with, contains patterns

XPath Techniques

Absolute XPath vs Relative XPath – differences and when to use each
XPath with attributes: //tag[@attribute='value']
contains(), starts-with(), text() functions
XPath axes: parent, child, following-sibling, preceding-sibling, ancestor
Grouping and index-based XPath: (//tag)[2]
AND / OR logical operators in XPath expressions

MODULE 05 – WebElement Interactions

💡 Once you find an element, you need to interact with it – type, click, read values. These are the core actions every automation script performs.

WebElement Action Methods

sendKeys() – typing into text fields and input boxes
click() – clicking buttons, links, checkboxes, and radio buttons
clear() – clearing existing text from input fields
submit() – submitting forms directly

WebElement Property Methods

isSelected() – checking state of checkboxes and radio buttons
isEnabled() – verifying if a field or button is active
isDisplayed() – checking if an element is visible on screen
getText() – reading the visible text of any element
getAttribute() – reading any HTML attribute value
getCssValue() – reading applied CSS property values

MODULE 06 – Actions Class & Screenshots

💡 Many modern websites require mouse gestures and keyboard combos that a simple click cannot handle. The Actions class and screenshot tools cover exactly these scenarios.

Actions Class – Advanced Mouse & Keyboard

moveToElement() – hovering over menus and tooltips
doubleClick() and contextClick() (right-click)
dragAndDrop() and dragAndDropBy()
Keyboard actions: keyDown(Keys.SHIFT), keyUp(), sendKeys(Keys.ENTER)
Scroll actions using scrollToElement() and scrollByAmount() (Selenium 4)
build().perform() – chaining and executing action sequences

Capturing Screenshots

TakesScreenshot interface – full-page screenshot on test failure
Element-level screenshot using WebElement.getScreenshotAs()
AShot library – for full-page scrolling screenshots
JavaScript Executor-based screenshot approach

MODULE 07 – Handling Windows, Tabs & Frames

💡 Real applications open pop-ups, new tabs, and embed content in frames. Knowing how to switch between them keeps your scripts from getting stuck.

Window & Tab Handling

driver.getWindowHandle() – capturing the current window reference
driver.getWindowHandles() – getting all open window/tab references
driver.switchTo().window(handle) – switching between windows and tabs
Opening a new tab using Selenium 4’s newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
Closing child windows and returning to the parent window

Frame & Alert Handling

driver.switchTo().frame() – switching by index, name, or WebElement
driver.switchTo().defaultContent() – returning to the main page
driver.switchTo().alert() – handling JavaScript alerts and confirms
alert.accept(), alert.dismiss(), and alert.sendKeys()

MODULE 08 – Handling Dropdowns & Multiple Elements

💡 Dropdowns and lists of elements appear in almost every real application. These tools give you precise control over selecting values and working with element collections.

Select Class – Dropdown Handling

Importing and using the Select class from Selenium support
selectByVisibleText(), selectByValue(), selectByIndex()
getOptions(), getAllSelectedOptions(), getFirstSelectedOption()
Handling multi-select dropdowns with deselectAll()

Working with Multiple Elements

driver.findElements() – returning a List<WebElement>
Iterating over element lists to validate data or perform bulk actions
Counting elements, checking presence, filtering by state

MODULE 09 – Synchronization & Wait Strategies

💡 Timing issues cause most automation failures. Proper synchronization makes your scripts reliable — even on slow networks or dynamic pages that load asynchronously.

Wait Types

Thread.sleep() – static wait (why it should be avoided in real scripts)
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait() – global element search timeout
WebDriverWait with ExpectedConditions – explicit conditional waits
Key conditions:
- visibilityOfElementLocated
- elementToBeClickable
- textToBePresentInElement
- alertIsPresent
FluentWait – polling interval, custom timeout, ignoring exceptions
Choosing the right wait strategy for different application behaviours

MODULE 10 – Page Object Model (POM) Design Pattern

💡 POM is the industry-standard way to organise automation code. It separates locators from test logic — making scripts easier to maintain when the UI changes.

POM Architecture

Why POM exists – separation of page logic from test logic
Creating Page classes with locators and action methods
@FindBy annotation – declaring locators declaratively
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this) – initialising page elements
Structuring a multi-page project: LoginPage, HomePage, CartPage, etc.

Common Issues & Fixes

Understanding and handling StaleElementReferenceException
Lazy initialisation vs eager initialisation of page elements
Reusing page objects across multiple test classes

MODULE 11 – TestNG Framework & Assertions

💡 TestNG is the test management backbone of most Selenium projects. It controls the order, grouping, and reporting of your tests — making your suite production-quality.

TestNG Annotations & Configuration

Core annotations: @Test, @BeforeMethod, @AfterMethod, @BeforeClass, @AfterClass, @BeforeSuite, @AfterSuite
Test grouping with groups attribute – running smoke vs regression sets
Parameterisation using @Parameters and testng.xml configuration
Data-driven testing using @DataProvider
Parallel test execution – configuring thread count in testng.xml
Test priority, dependency (dependsOnMethods), and enabled flag
Custom logging using Reporter.log() inside test methods

Assertions

Hard assertions with Assert – test stops immediately on failure
Soft assertions with SoftAssert – collect all failures, report at end
Common assertion methods: assertEquals, assertTrue, assertFalse, assertNull, assertNotNull
Choosing between hard and soft assertions based on test scenario

MODULE 12 – Data-Driven Testing with Apache POI

💡 Data-driven testing lets one script run across hundreds of input combinations stored in an Excel sheet — a standard practice in enterprise QA teams.

Apache POI – Excel Integration

Adding Apache POI dependency to pom.xml for .xlsx support
XSSFWorkbook, XSSFSheet, XSSFRow, XSSFCell – reading the Excel object hierarchy
Reading test data row-by-row from an Excel file into test scripts
Handling different cell types: String, Numeric, Boolean, Formula
Writing test results (Pass/Fail) back into the Excel sheet
Building a reusable ExcelUtils utility class for the framework

MODULE 13 – Automation Framework, Selenium Grid & Jenkins CI/CD

💡 This module brings everything together into a production-level framework — the kind you will actually work with inside a software company.

Framework Design (AFW)

Recommended folder structure: src/main for utilities, src/test for test scripts
Building a BaseTest class – centralised driver initialisation and teardown
Integrating POM page classes, Excel utilities, and TestNG configuration
Maven Surefire Plugin – triggering test suites from command line
Version control with GitHub – pushing the project, branching basics

Selenium Grid & Cross-Browser Testing

Selenium Grid architecture – Hub and Node setup for distributed execution
RemoteWebDriver – running tests on remote machines and browsers
Cloud-based grid execution using SauceLabs
Configuring browser capabilities for parallel cross-browser runs

Jenkins CI/CD Integration

Installing and configuring Jenkins for a Java/Maven project
Creating a Jenkins job linked to a GitHub repository
Scheduling automated test runs using cron-style build triggers
Viewing TestNG reports and build history inside Jenkins dashboard

MODULE 14 – Exception Handling

Exception Handling Mechanism

What is an exception – an unexpected event that disrupts normal program execution
Checked vs unchecked exceptions – compile-time vs runtime
try block – code that may throw an exception
catch (ExceptionType e) – handling a specific exception type
Multiple catch blocks – handling different exception types separately
finally block – always executes; used for resource cleanup (closing files, connections)
throw keyword – manually throwing an exception from your code
throws keyword – declaring that a method may throw a checked exception
Common exceptions:
- NullPointerException
- ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
- NumberFormatException
- ArithmeticException

MODULE 13 – Collections Framework

List – Ordered, Allows Duplicates

ArrayList – dynamic array; fast random access; allows duplicates; maintains insertion order
LinkedList – doubly-linked list; fast add/remove at ends; slower random access
Common methods: add(), get(int), remove(), size(), contains(), set()
Iterating with for-each and Iterator

Set – No Duplicates

HashSet – no duplicates, no guaranteed order; backed by a hash table
LinkedHashSet – no duplicates, preserves insertion order
TreeSet – no duplicates, elements stored in natural sorted order

Queue & Stack

Queue interface – FIFO; offer(), poll(), peek()
Stack – LIFO; push(), pop(), peek()
Vector – legacy thread-safe version of ArrayList

Map – Key-Value Pairs

HashMap – key-value pairs, no guaranteed order, allows one null key
LinkedHashMap – key-value pairs, preserves insertion order
Common methods: put(), get(), remove(), containsKey(), keySet(), values()

Sorting & Iteration

Comparable interface – compareTo() for natural ordering inside the class
Comparator interface – compare() for custom ordering defined outside the class
Collections.sort(list) and Collections.sort(list, comparator)
Iterator – hasNext() and next() for safe manual traversal

Enroll in Selenium course

Our Programs

Selenium Automation Testing

Java course

MODULE 01 – Introduction to Java & Setup

Java Environment & Architecture

JDK vs JRE vs JVM – what each component does and why all three matter
How Java achieves platform independence – write once, run anywhere via bytecode
Installing JDK and setting up Eclipse IDE for Java development
Configuring JAVA_HOME and verifying with java -version

First Java Program

Structure of a Java class – class keyword, public static void main(String[] args)
System.out.println() and System.out.print() – printing output to the console
Compiling with javac and running with java from the command line
Organising classes into packages – naming conventions and folder structure

MODULE 02 – Data Types & Variables

Primitive Data Types

Variable declaration and assignment – naming rules and conventions
Integer types: byte, short, int, long – size and valid range of each
Floating-point types: float vs double – precision and when to use each
char – single Unicode character, stored as a 16-bit number
boolean – true / false only; used in all conditions and loops
String – non-primitive reference type; immutable character sequence

Type Conversion & Constants

final keyword – declaring a constant that cannot be reassigned
Widening (implicit) conversion – Java automatically promotes smaller types to larger
Narrowing (explicit) casting – (int) 3.14 – data loss risk and when it is acceptable

MODULE 03 – Operators

Operator Types

Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, % (modulus) – integer division behaviour
Increment / Decrement: ++, -- – prefix vs postfix difference
Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= – always return boolean
Logical: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT) – short-circuit evaluation
Assignment shortcuts: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Ternary operator: condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse

MODULE 04 – Control Flow – Conditional Statements

Conditional Statements

if, else, else if ladder – single and multi-branch decision making
Nested if – conditions inside conditions for complex logic
switch statement – case, default, and break; fall-through behaviour
Scanner class – nextInt(), nextLine(), nextDouble() for reading user input

MODULE 05 – Loops & Pattern Printing

Loop Types & Control Statements

for loop – initialisation, condition, update; most common for counted iterations
while loop – condition checked before each iteration; runs zero or more times
do-while loop – condition checked after; always executes at least once
break – immediately exits the current loop
continue – skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next
Nested loops – outer loop controls rows, inner loop controls columns

Pattern Printing

Star (*) patterns – right triangle, left triangle, pyramid, diamond
Number patterns – sequential, mirrored, and Pascal’s triangle style
Analysing patterns – how to break any design into row count and column logic

MODULE 06 – Arrays – 1D & 2D

1D Arrays

Array declaration: int[] arr = new int[5] – fixed size, zero-indexed
Initialisation at declaration: int[] arr = {10, 20, 30}
arr.length – getting the size of an array
Iterating with for loop and enhanced for-each loop
Common operations: finding max/min, sum, average, reverse, search
Arrays.sort() – sorting in ascending order

2D Arrays

Declaration: int[][] matrix = new int[rows][cols] – row-major storage
Nested loops to traverse rows and columns of a 2D array
Matrix operations – addition, transpose, diagonal sum

MODULE 07 – Methods

Defining & Using Methods

Method signature: access modifier, return type, method name, parameter list
Calling a method – passing arguments, receiving return values
void methods vs methods with a return type
static methods – called on the class directly without creating an object
Instance (non-static) methods – require an object to call
Method overloading – same name, different parameter types or count
Writing generic, reusable utility methods for common operations

MODULE 08 – OOP – Classes, Objects & Constructors

Classes & Objects

Class as a blueprint – instance variables (fields) and instance methods
Creating objects: ClassName obj = new ClassName()
Default constructor – auto-provided by Java when no constructor is defined
Parameterised constructor – initialising objects with values at creation time
this keyword – resolving naming conflicts between parameters and instance fields

static & final Members

static variable – one copy shared across all instances of a class
static method – belongs to the class, not to any object
final variable – constant; must be assigned exactly once
final method – cannot be overridden by a subclass
final class – cannot be extended (e.g., String is a final class)

MODULE 09 – OOP – Inheritance & Encapsulation

Inheritance

extends keyword – child class inherits all non-private members of the parent
super keyword – calling the parent class constructor or methods
Types: single inheritance, multilevel inheritance, hierarchical inheritance
Java does not support multiple class inheritance – why, and how interfaces solve this

Encapsulation & Access Modifiers

private, protected, public, package-private – scope of each
Encapsulation pattern – private fields with public getter and setter methods
Why encapsulation prevents invalid state and makes code easier to maintain
Method overloading – same method name, different parameter signature

MODULE 10 – OOP – Polymorphism & Type Casting

Method Overriding & Runtime Polymorphism

Method overriding – child class provides its own implementation of a parent method
@Override annotation – compile-time check that overriding is valid
Runtime (dynamic) polymorphism – method resolved at runtime based on actual object type
Overloading vs overriding – compile-time vs runtime; key differences interviewers test

Object Type Casting

Upcasting – implicit; Animal a = new Dog() – always safe
Downcasting – explicit; Dog d = (Dog) a – requires instanceof check
instanceof operator – safely checking type before casting

MODULE 11 – Interfaces & Abstract Classes

Interfaces

interface keyword – defines a contract of method signatures without implementation
implements keyword – a class agrees to provide all interface methods
Interface methods are implicitly public abstract, fields are public static final
A class can implement multiple interfaces – Java’s answer to multiple inheritance

Abstract Classes

abstract class – cannot be instantiated; must be subclassed
abstract method – declared without a body; subclass must provide implementation
Can contain both abstract methods and fully implemented (concrete) methods
Interface vs abstract class – when to use each; key differences for interviews

MODULE 12 – String Handling

String Class & Key Methods

String is immutable – every operation creates a new object in the String Pool
length(), charAt(int), indexOf(String), lastIndexOf()
substring(int start), substring(int start, int end)
toUpperCase(), toLowerCase(), trim()
replace(), contains(), startsWith(), endsWith()
equals() vs equalsIgnoreCase() vs == – why == compares references, not content
split(String regex), join(), toCharArray()

StringBuilder & StringBuffer

StringBuilder – mutable, not thread-safe, faster for single-threaded use
append(), insert(), delete(), reverse(), toString()
StringBuffer – mutable, thread-safe, used in multi-threaded programs
String vs StringBuilder vs StringBuffer – performance and thread-safety trade-offs

MODULE 13 – Collections Framework

List – Ordered, Allows Duplicates

ArrayList – dynamic array; fast random access; allows duplicates; maintains insertion order
LinkedList – doubly-linked list; fast add/remove at ends; slower random access
Common methods: add(), get(int), remove(), size(), contains(), set()
Iterating with for-each and Iterator

Set – No Duplicates

HashSet – no duplicates, no guaranteed order; backed by a hash table
LinkedHashSet – no duplicates, preserves insertion order
TreeSet – no duplicates, elements stored in natural sorted order

Queue & Stack

Queue interface – FIFO; offer(), poll(), peek()
Stack – LIFO; push(), pop(), peek()
Vector – legacy thread-safe version of ArrayList

Map – Key-Value Pairs

HashMap – key-value pairs, no guaranteed order, allows one null key
LinkedHashMap – key-value pairs, preserves insertion order
Common methods: put(), get(), remove(), containsKey(), keySet(), values()

Sorting & Iteration

Comparable interface – compareTo() for natural ordering inside the class
Comparator interface – compare() for custom ordering defined outside the class
Collections.sort(list) and Collections.sort(list, comparator)
Iterator – hasNext() and next() for safe manual traversal

MODULE 14 – Exception Handling

Exception Handling Mechanism

What is an exception – an unexpected event that disrupts normal program execution
Checked vs unchecked exceptions – compile-time vs runtime
try block – code that may throw an exception
catch (ExceptionType e) – handling a specific exception type
Multiple catch blocks – handling different exception types separately
finally block – always executes; used for resource cleanup (closing files, connections)
throw keyword – manually throwing an exception from your code
throws keyword – declaring that a method may throw a checked exception
Common exceptions:
- NullPointerException
- ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
- NumberFormatException
- ArithmeticException

Enroll in Java Course

Selenium course

MODULE 01 – Environment Setup & Selenium WebDriver Introduction

Tools & Setup

Installing Java JDK, Eclipse IDE, and configuring environment variables
Creating a Maven project and understanding pom.xml structure
Adding Selenium WebDriver dependency via Maven Central
Setting up ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver (Firefox), and EdgeDriver

WebDriver Fundamentals

Understanding the Selenium architecture – how WebDriver communicates with browsers
Instantiating WebDriver for Chrome, Firefox, and Edge browsers
Writing and running your first automation script end-to-end
Understanding the difference between Selenium 3 and Selenium 4

MODULE 02 – Browser Control & Navigation

WebDriver Browser Commands

driver.get() and driver.navigate().to() – loading URLs
navigate().back(), navigate().forward(), navigate().refresh()
driver.manage().window().maximize(), setSize(), setPosition()
driver.getTitle() and driver.getCurrentUrl() for page verification
driver.quit() vs driver.close() – when to use each

MODULE 03 – Web Element Locator Strategies

💡 Locators are how your script finds elements on a page. Mastering all 8 strategies means you can automate any website, no matter how it is built.

All 8 Locator Types

By.id – fastest and most reliable when available
By.name – using the HTML name attribute
By.className – single CSS class targeting
By.tagName – selecting by HTML element type
By.linkText – exact anchor text matching
By.partialLinkText – partial anchor text matching
By.cssSelector – powerful CSS-based targeting
By.xpath – most flexible, works anywhere in the DOM

MODULE 04 – CSS Selector & XPath – In Depth

💡 CSS Selectors and XPath are the two most powerful locator types. Knowing both in depth allows you to find any element — even in the most complex web pages.

CSS Selector Techniques

Tag, ID, class, and attribute-based CSS selectors
Combining multiple attributes: input[type='text'][name='email']
Child and descendant selectors, sibling selectors
:nth-child(), ^=, $=, *= – starts-with, ends-with, contains patterns

XPath Techniques

Absolute XPath vs Relative XPath – differences and when to use each
XPath with attributes: //tag[@attribute='value']
contains(), starts-with(), text() functions
XPath axes: parent, child, following-sibling, preceding-sibling, ancestor
Grouping and index-based XPath: (//tag)[2]
AND / OR logical operators in XPath expressions

MODULE 05 – WebElement Interactions

💡 Once you find an element, you need to interact with it – type, click, read values. These are the core actions every automation script performs.

WebElement Action Methods

sendKeys() – typing into text fields and input boxes
click() – clicking buttons, links, checkboxes, and radio buttons
clear() – clearing existing text from input fields
submit() – submitting forms directly

WebElement Property Methods

isSelected() – checking state of checkboxes and radio buttons
isEnabled() – verifying if a field or button is active
isDisplayed() – checking if an element is visible on screen
getText() – reading the visible text of any element
getAttribute() – reading any HTML attribute value
getCssValue() – reading applied CSS property values

MODULE 06 – Actions Class & Screenshots

💡 Many modern websites require mouse gestures and keyboard combos that a simple click cannot handle. The Actions class and screenshot tools cover exactly these scenarios.

Actions Class – Advanced Mouse & Keyboard

moveToElement() – hovering over menus and tooltips
doubleClick() and contextClick() (right-click)
dragAndDrop() and dragAndDropBy()
Keyboard actions: keyDown(Keys.SHIFT), keyUp(), sendKeys(Keys.ENTER)
Scroll actions using scrollToElement() and scrollByAmount() (Selenium 4)
build().perform() – chaining and executing action sequences

Capturing Screenshots

TakesScreenshot interface – full-page screenshot on test failure
Element-level screenshot using WebElement.getScreenshotAs()
AShot library – for full-page scrolling screenshots
JavaScript Executor-based screenshot approach

MODULE 07 – Handling Windows, Tabs & Frames

💡 Real applications open pop-ups, new tabs, and embed content in frames. Knowing how to switch between them keeps your scripts from getting stuck.

Window & Tab Handling

driver.getWindowHandle() – capturing the current window reference
driver.getWindowHandles() – getting all open window/tab references
driver.switchTo().window(handle) – switching between windows and tabs
Opening a new tab using Selenium 4’s newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
Closing child windows and returning to the parent window

Frame & Alert Handling

driver.switchTo().frame() – switching by index, name, or WebElement
driver.switchTo().defaultContent() – returning to the main page
driver.switchTo().alert() – handling JavaScript alerts and confirms
alert.accept(), alert.dismiss(), and alert.sendKeys()

MODULE 08 – OOP – Classes, Objects & Constructors

Classes & Objects

Class as a blueprint – instance variables (fields) and instance methods
Creating objects: ClassName obj = new ClassName()
Default constructor – auto-provided by Java when no constructor is defined
Parameterised constructor – initialising objects with values at creation time
this keyword – resolving naming conflicts between parameters and instance fields

static & final Members

static variable – one copy shared across all instances of a class
static method – belongs to the class, not to any object
final variable – constant; must be assigned exactly once
final method – cannot be overridden by a subclass
final class – cannot be extended (e.g., String is a final class)

MODULE 09 – Synchronization & Wait Strategies

💡 Timing issues cause most automation failures. Proper synchronization makes your scripts reliable — even on slow networks or dynamic pages that load asynchronously.

Wait Types

Thread.sleep() – static wait (why it should be avoided in real scripts)
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait() – global element search timeout
WebDriverWait with ExpectedConditions – explicit conditional waits
Key conditions:
- visibilityOfElementLocated
- elementToBeClickable
- textToBePresentInElement
- alertIsPresent
FluentWait – polling interval, custom timeout, ignoring exceptions
Choosing the right wait strategy for different application behaviours

MODULE 10 – Page Object Model (POM) Design Pattern

💡 POM is the industry-standard way to organise automation code. It separates locators from test logic — making scripts easier to maintain when the UI changes.

POM Architecture

Why POM exists – separation of page logic from test logic
Creating Page classes with locators and action methods
@FindBy annotation – declaring locators declaratively
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this) – initialising page elements
Structuring a multi-page project: LoginPage, HomePage, CartPage, etc.

Common Issues & Fixes

Understanding and handling StaleElementReferenceException
Lazy initialisation vs eager initialisation of page elements
Reusing page objects across multiple test classes

MODULE 11 – TestNG Framework & Assertions

💡 TestNG is the test management backbone of most Selenium projects. It controls the order, grouping, and reporting of your tests — making your suite production-quality.

TestNG Annotations & Configuration

Core annotations: @Test, @BeforeMethod, @AfterMethod, @BeforeClass, @AfterClass, @BeforeSuite, @AfterSuite
Test grouping with groups attribute – running smoke vs regression sets
Parameterisation using @Parameters and testng.xml configuration
Data-driven testing using @DataProvider
Parallel test execution – configuring thread count in testng.xml
Test priority, dependency (dependsOnMethods), and enabled flag
Custom logging using Reporter.log() inside test methods

Assertions

Hard assertions with Assert – test stops immediately on failure
Soft assertions with SoftAssert – collect all failures, report at end
Common assertion methods: assertEquals, assertTrue, assertFalse, assertNull, assertNotNull
Choosing between hard and soft assertions based on test scenario

MODULE 12 – Data-Driven Testing with Apache POI

💡 Data-driven testing lets one script run across hundreds of input combinations stored in an Excel sheet — a standard practice in enterprise QA teams.

Apache POI – Excel Integration

Adding Apache POI dependency to pom.xml for .xlsx support
XSSFWorkbook, XSSFSheet, XSSFRow, XSSFCell – reading the Excel object hierarchy
Reading test data row-by-row from an Excel file into test scripts
Handling different cell types: String, Numeric, Boolean, Formula
Writing test results (Pass/Fail) back into the Excel sheet
Building a reusable ExcelUtils utility class for the framework

MODULE 13 – Automation Framework, Selenium Grid & Jenkins CI/CD

💡 This module brings everything together into a production-level framework — the kind you will actually work with inside a software company.

Framework Design (AFW)

Recommended folder structure: src/main for utilities, src/test for test scripts
Building a BaseTest class – centralised driver initialisation and teardown
Integrating POM page classes, Excel utilities, and TestNG configuration
Maven Surefire Plugin – triggering test suites from command line
Version control with GitHub – pushing the project, branching basics

Selenium Grid & Cross-Browser Testing

Selenium Grid architecture – Hub and Node setup for distributed execution
RemoteWebDriver – running tests on remote machines and browsers
Cloud-based grid execution using SauceLabs
Configuring browser capabilities for parallel cross-browser runs

Jenkins CI/CD Integration

Installing and configuring Jenkins for a Java/Maven project
Creating a Jenkins job linked to a GitHub repository
Scheduling automated test runs using cron-style build triggers
Viewing TestNG reports and build history inside Jenkins dashboard

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FAQs

What is Selenium Automation Testing?

Selenium is a popular automation testing tool used to automate web application testing.

What will I learn in Selenium training?

You will learn Selenium WebDriver, Java, TestNG, frameworks, and automation projects.

Is Selenium in demand in the job market?

Yes, Selenium Automation Testing is highly in demand for QA and automation roles.

Do I need coding knowledge for Selenium?

Basic programming knowledge is helpful, but training starts from fundamentals.

Will I work on automation projects?

Yes, the course includes real-time automation testing projects.